• Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder.
• Parkinson’s disease was first described by James Parkinson in 1817 as “shaking palsy“.
• Parkinson’s diseases mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS).

Definition of Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia of the brain and leads to a deficiency of dopamine neurotransmitters. Decrease dopamine neurotransmitter level in the body cause the tried symptoms –

• Tremor
• Bradykinesia
• Rigidity.

Causes of Parkinson’s disease

• Idiopathic
• Genetic disorder
• Age factors
• Exposure to toxin
• Sex (men more exposure)
• Deficiency of dopamine
• Arterial hypertension
• Affect substantia nigra
• Carbon monoxide
• Head injury
• Exposure to Toxins
• Encephalitis
• Atherosclerosis
• Environmental triggers.

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Pathophysiology (Process of Parkinson’s disease)

Cause

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Affect the substantia nigra of basal ganglia

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Decrease dopamine production

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Degeneration of neurons in basal ganglia

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Affect daily routine activity and cause the tremor, rigidity or bradykinesia

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Parkinson disease.

Symptoms/Signs of Parkinson’s Disease

• Classical symptoms of Parkinson – tremor

  

• Rigidity
• Bradykinesia.

• Masks like facial expressions.
• Immobile daily activity
• Wrist sluggish moment
• Shuffling gait
• Speech difficulty
• Dysphagia
• Balance problem
• Propulsive gait
• Impaired gross motor coordination
• Loss of sense of smell
• Swallowing and chewing difficulty
• Frothy saliva from the mouth
• Stop automatic swinging of hand during the walk
• Stooped posture
• Dystonia
• Sexual dysfunction
• Micrographic
  

  

• Constipation.

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

• History collection and physical examination.
• CT scan and MRI
• Imaging test
• PET scan
• Mental status examination.

Treatment of Parkinson’s disease

• Levodopa and carbidopa
• Dopamine agonist – bromocriptine
• Anticholinergics – benztropine.
• Monoamine oxidase type – B (MAO – B)
• Antihistamine
• Tricyclic medication
• COMT inhibitor (catechol – o – methyltransferase inhibitors)
• Antiviral substance.

Complications in Parkinson’s disease

• Disability
• Aspiration
• Sexual dysfunction
• Dementia
• Injury from fall
• Cognitive problem.

Who to Manage Parkinson’s disease Patients

• Nurses monitor patients’ daily activity and vital signs.
• Assess physical examination and mental ability.
• Assess patient chewing and swallowing ability.
• Provide soft and fibre diet for easily eating.
• Nursing encourages patients for daily active and passive movement.
• Provide physical and occupational therapy.
• Provide a medical alert bracelet.
• Provide all prescribed medication and maintain IV therapy.
• The nurse monitors the respiration pattern.
• Nurses educate to avoid – high heel shoes
• Hard mattress use
• Vitamin B6.
• The nurse will encourage the patient to do minor tasks.
• The nurse will assist the patient while descending the stairs.
• The nurse will explain to all family members about Parkinson’s.

Important Points about Parkinson’s disease

1. What was the first name of Parkinson’s disease – Shaking palsy?
2. Parkinson’s disease is a – Neurodegenerative disorder.
3. Tried symptoms of Parkinson’s disease – Tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
4. The most common cause of Parkinson’s disease – Dopamine deficiency.
5. Which neurotransmitter affects Parkinson’s disease – Dopamine
6. Parkinson’s disease was discovered by – James Parkinson.
7. Parkinson’s disease is a – Progressive brain disorder.
8. The average age of onset of Parkinson’s disease is about – 60.
9. How many stages of Parkinson’s disease – 4.
10. Parkinson’s disease is most commonly found in – Males.

Parkinson’s disease Slideshare